AI Article Synopsis
- Hypospadias is a common birth defect in boys where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, and while maternal hypertensive disorders may be linked to it, previous studies have shown inconsistent results.
- This study analyzed data from 887 cases of hypospadias and 1,005 male controls to examine the relationship between maternal hypertensive disorders and different hypospadias subtypes, focusing on the role of treatment.
- Results revealed that while general hypertensive disorders were not linked to hypospadias, preeclampsia was significantly associated with posterior hypospadias, regardless of whether it was treated or not.
Article Abstract
Background: Hypospadias is a frequently occurring congenital anomaly in male infants, in which the opening of the urethra is located along the ventral side of the penis. Although various studies attempted to identify its causes, the aetiology of the majority of hypospadias cases remains poorly understood. Maternal hypertensive disorders are believed to be associated with hypospadias, but the results of previous studies are not consistent, especially for subtypes of hypospadias.
Objectives: To investigate the associations between maternal hypertensive disorders, stratified by pharmacological treatment, and the occurrence of hypospadias divided into subtypes in a large population-based case-control study.
Methods: We included 887 hypospadias cases and 1005 male controls from the AGORA data- and biobank. Cases and controls were born in the periods 1975-2016 and 1990-2011, respectively. All data were collected in the period 2004-2018. Maternal questionnaires were used to obtain information on hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, antihypertensive medication treatment, and potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between hypertensive disorders and hypospadias were estimated using logistic regression.
Results: Hypertensive disorders were reported by 15.3% of the women in this study. Maternal hypertensive disorders in general, chronic hypertension, and gestational hypertension were not associated with hypospadias or its subtypes. Preeclampsia was associated with posterior hypospadias (aOR 3.09, 95% CI 1.49, 6.43), whether it was untreated (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.24, 6.38) or pharmacologically treated preeclampsia (aOR 4.96, 95% CI 1.08, 22.80).
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that preeclampsia is associated with posterior hypospadias, irrespective of pharmacological treatment. This result supports the hypothesis of aetiological heterogeneity among the subtypes of hypospadias, with pregnancy-related risk factors being associated with the more severe types of hypospadias.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7689729 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12683 | DOI Listing |
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