Echinoderms are an exceptional group of bilaterians that develop pentameral adult symmetry from a bilaterally symmetric larva. However, the genetic basis in evolution and development of this unique transformation remains to be clarified. Here we report newly sequenced genomes, developmental transcriptomes, and proteomes of diverse echinoderms including the green sea urchin (L. variegatus), a sea cucumber (A. japonicus), and with particular emphasis on a sister group of the earliest-diverged echinoderms, the feather star (A. japonica). We learned that the last common ancestor of echinoderms retained a well-organized Hox cluster reminiscent of the hemichordate, and had gene sets involved in endoskeleton development. Further, unlike in other animal groups, the most conserved developmental stages were not at the body plan establishing phase, and genes normally involved in bilaterality appear to function in pentameric axis development. These results enhance our understanding of the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes almost 500 Mya.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-1091-1 | DOI Listing |
Adv Mater
December 2024
Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
Hydrogel bioadhesives with adequate wet adhesion and swelling resistance are urgently needed in clinic. However, the presence of blood or body fluid usually weakens the interfacial bonding strength, and even leads to adhesion failure. Herein, profiting from the unique coupling structure of carboxylic and phenyl groups in one component (N-acryloyl phenylalanine) for interfacial drainage and matrix toughening as well as various electrostatic interactions mediated by zwitterions, a novel hydrogel adhesive (PAAS) is developed with superior tissue adhesion properties and matrix swelling resistance in challenging wet conditions (adhesion strength of 85 kPa, interfacial toughness of 450 J m, burst pressure of 514 mmHg, and swelling ratio of <4%).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSports Med
December 2024
Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.
J Youth Adolesc
December 2024
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Developmental research has mostly focused on negative body image, somewhat neglecting the role positive body image plays in adolescent development. To fill this gap, the present longitudinal study investigated the directionality of effects among positive body image, identity, and eating disorder symptoms across one year. Two waves of data were collected from a sample of 915 high school students in Flanders (T1: 60% female; M = 16.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Anat
December 2024
Comparative Medicine Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
The evolutionary conservation of the building plan of the heart suggests this organ is under substantial form-function constraints. Its form varies to such a degree, however, that it questions whether we understand the form-function relations of the heart. A previously published image of the heart of the sunfish (Mola mola, Tetraodontiformes) indicates the presence of an exceptionally simple topology of the chambers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Appl Clin Med Phys
December 2024
Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
Purpose: In radiotherapy, body contour inaccuracies may compromise the delineation of adjacent structures and affect calculated dose. Here, we evaluate the un-editable body contours auto-generated by Ethos versions 1.0 (v1) and 2.
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