The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a neoplasm of CD4+CD25+ T cells that occurs in 2-5% of infected individuals after decades of asymptomatic latent infection. Multiple HTLV-1-encoded regulatory proteins, including Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), play key roles in viral persistence and latency. The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein interacts with a plethora of host cellular proteins to regulate viral gene expression and also promote the aberrant activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB to drive clonal proliferation and survival of T cells bearing the HTLV-1 provirus. Tax undergoes various post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination that regulate its function and subcellular localization. Tax shuttles in different subcellular compartments for the activation of anti-apoptotic genes and deregulates the cell cycle with the induction of DNA damage for the accumulation of genomic instability that can result in cellular immortalization and malignant transformation. However, Tax is highly immunogenic and therefore HTLV-1 has evolved numerous strategies to tightly regulate Tax expression while maintaining the pool of anti-apoptotic genes through HBZ. In this review, we summarize the key findings on the oncogenic mechanisms used by Tax that set the stage for the development of ATLL, and the strategies used by HTLV-1 to tightly regulate Tax expression for immune evasion and viral persistence.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070543 | DOI Listing |
Ambio
December 2024
Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Kungsbärcksvägen 47, SE-801 76, Gävle, Sweden.
This study aims to expand the understanding of public acceptance of carbon taxes by exploring the role of habits. Habits play a pivotal role in guiding our behaviors and reasoning and can even influence our self perception and identity but remain an underexplored variable in relation to public policy acceptance. We employed a large scale (N > 5200) national survey to measure public acceptance of higher carbon taxation in Sweden, also capturing car driving habits, car usage, and other relevant variables.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Clin Periodontol
December 2024
National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Aim: To estimate the causal effects of smoking and cessation on tooth loss using instrumental variable (IV) analysis.
Material And Methods: Data from the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), conducted from 1995 to 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 in 50 U.S.
Anesth Analg
December 2024
West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Viriginia.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
December 2024
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
Health Econ Rev
December 2024
Tabriz Health Service Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Background: Given the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to examine the economic response policies implemented by governments. This study aims to review evidence from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including Iran, on COVID-19 economic response policies designed to protect households, vulnerable groups, and businesses.
Methods: Utilizing Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology, electronic search engines and databases were systematically searched to identify published studies within the timeframe of December 31, 2019, to 2022.
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