Stress Bearing Mechanism of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Silicon-Based Composite Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries.

Despite the significant research that has been carried out to improve cycling performance of lithium ion batteries (LIB) with silicon (Si) based composite electrodes, limited studies have been performed on these materials to evaluate the effects of internal microstructural changes and stress evolution on the electrochemical performance. Here, combined ex situ and in situ investigations on the accommodation of volume expansion in Si-based nanocomposite electrodes are reported. This work emphasizes the importance of conductive agents in light of the poor electronic conductivity of Si. A detailed comparison between commonly used carbon black (CB) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) shows that these materials have substantial effects on microstructural evolution and internal stress in Si based composite electrodes that are employed in lithium ion cells. This study provides the first monitoring of stress evolution in Si-rGO based composite electrode during electrochemical cycling using in situ wafer curvature measurements. The prepared Si-rGO based electrode exhibits almost 10 times lower stress generation and consequently higher cycling performance in electrochemical cells. The resulting 3D networked structure not only acts as an electronic conduit to the encapsulated active materials but also serves as a mini-electrochemical reaction chamber which hinders the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and limits the pulverization of active material and the evolution of severe stress during cycling. Moreover, investigations of the microstructural changes and internal charge transfer resistance in the electrodes after cycling provide further evidence that rGO produces superior structures for energy storage.