IL-7/αIL-7 mAb M25 immunocomplexes expand CD8 T cells but paradoxically abrogate the antitumor activity of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage.

Supraphysiological levels of IL-7 induce increase counts of pre-B cells, naive T cells and memory phenotype CD8 T cells. Immunocomplexes of IL-7 and αIL-7 mAb M25 (IL-7/M25) were described as IL-7 superagonist in vivo. Thus, treatment of mice with IL-7/M25 remarkably increases the size of the T cell pool. We decided to use IL-7/M25 in order to expand the T cell population prior to the administration of αCTLA-4 and αPD-1 mAbs in tumor-bearing mice and in turn boost the immunotherapy based on a combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage. We found that just four doses of IL-7/M25 increased the absolute numbers of splenocytes approximately fivefold and significantly shifted the CD4:CD8 T cell ratio in favor of CD8 T cells. There was also a substantive increase in relative counts of memory phenotype CD8 T cells (approximately threefold) within CD8 T cells but a significant decrease (approximately 30%) in relative counts of Treg cells within CD4 T cells. All these data suggest that IL-7/M25 offer a suitable approach to potentiate tumor immunotherapy through CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage. Unexpectedly, IL-7/M25 significantly abrogated the antitumor activity of αCTLA-4 plus αPD-1 mAbs in the following mouse tumor models: MC-38 and CT26 colon carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma. This paradoxical effect of IL-7/M25 on the antitumor activity of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage was not mediated via either increased levels of IL-10 or TGF-β in the sera or increased counts of IL-10-producing B or T cells in the spleen of mice injected with IL-7/M25. Thus, our work shows that caution should be exercised when combining two immunotherapy approaches together.