Environmental persistence of equid herpesvirus type-1.

Equine Vet J

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Published: March 2021

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes serious health issues in horses and is hard to eliminate from common horse housing materials, but its virus envelope's sensitivity to the environment may be useful for management.
  • - Researchers investigated how long EHV-1 lasts on various materials (like leather and bedding) under different environmental conditions (4°C, indoors, outdoors) to see if these factors could limit the virus's persistence.
  • - The study found that EHV-1 was viable for up to 48 hours and was most persistent indoors on wood shavings, while outdoor conditions reduced its survival; however, the methods used might not reflect real-life situations with nasal secretions.

Article Abstract

Background: Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is ubiquitous in equine populations causing respiratory disease, and complications including late-term abortion and neurological disease. Eradication of EHV-1 from housing environments that typically contain unsealed wood and porous bedding materials can be challenging. However, consideration should be given to take advantage of the viral envelope's susceptibility to environmental conditions.

Objective: To determine environmental persistence of EHV-1 on materials and in environmental conditions commonly found in equine facilities. We hypothesised that environmental conditions and materials would limit environmental persistence of EHV-1 in horse housing environments.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Methods: Standard inoculum of EHV-1 strain OH03 was applied to leather, polyester-cotton fabric, two bedding materials (pinewood shavings and wheat straw) and polystyrene (plastic), and placed under three different environmental conditions (4°C, indoors and outdoors). Virus titration and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed at six time points between 0 and 48 hours and the number of plaque-forming units (PFUs) was determined.

Results: Viable EHV-1 was recovered up to 48 hours from all material-environmental condition combinations, with persistence decreasing over time. In general, outdoor environment had the greatest impact, irrespective of material tested, followed by indoor environment and 4°C. On average, wood shavings had the greatest impact on persistence, followed by leather, straw, fabric and polystyrene.

Main Limitations: The inoculum used in this study was not in a milieu consistent with nasal secretions. As such, virus particles may have been more sensitive to the materials and/or environmental conditions evaluated.

Conclusions: Environmental factors had variable effects on environmental persistence. Although there were significant reductions in PFUs within the first 3 hours, irrespective of environment-material evaluated, viable virus was still recovered at 48 hours likely representing a transmission risk. Barrier precautions should be used to prevent spread of EHV-1 from unrecognised environmental reservoirs.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13313DOI Listing

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