Chemical characterization of PM emissions and atmospheric metallic element concentrations in PM emitted from mobile source gasoline-fueled vehicles.

Fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM), particularly from the in-use gasoline-fueled vehicles, is a leading air quality pollutant and the chemical composition of PM is vital to the practical issues of climate change, health effects, and pollution control policies, inter alia. These atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM) emitted from the exhausts of mobile source gasoline-fueled vehicles constitute substantial risks to human health through inhalation, and most importantly, affect urban air quality. Therefore, in order to explicitly determine the inhalation risks of PM which could potentially contain a significant amount of chemicals and metallic elements (MEs) concentration, we investigated the chemical composition (comprising of carbonaceous species and metallic elements) of PM emissions from mobile source gasoline-fueled vehicles. To further examine the chemical composition and metallic elements concentration in PM from the exhausts of mobile source gasoline-fueled vehicles, we systematically investigated PM emission samples collected from the exhausts of fifteen (15) mobile source gasoline-fueled vehicles. Our study has equally also determined the chemical compositions based on carbonaceous species (organic carbon - OC and elemental carbon - EC). Furthermore, the concentrations of PM and metallic elements (Ca, Al, Zn, K, Ca, Fe, Mg and Cr) in PM were analyzed with the help of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The details of the tested gasoline-fueled vehicles cover the model years, consisting of the vehicles registered from 2000 to 2017 from several vehicle manufacturers (or brands) with various running mileages ranging from 123.4 to 575,844 km (average 123,105 km). Our results established that elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were the most significant concentrations of carbonaceous species. The concentration of metallic elements in PM and chemical characterization were studied by their relationship with atmospheric PM and the results showed that the metallic elements concentration in PM were in descending order as follows: Ca > Al > Zn > K > Fe > Mg > Cr. These results will help us to further understand how PM emissions from the exhausts of in-use gasoline-fueled vehicles contribute to both chemical and atmospheric metallic elements concentration in the ambient air.