Field evaluation of spray drift and environmental impact using an agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications at low-volume using fine and very fine size droplets have been adopted in several commercial spray scenarios allowing water-saving and high-efficiency operation in delivery of pesticides. However, spray drift associated with UAV applications, especially for fine droplets generated from spinning disk nozzles, has not been fully understood, raising environmental and regulatory concerns. The objectives of this study were to compare the drift potential of three different volume median diameter (VMD, or Dv) of 100, 150 and 200 μm from a commercial quadcopter equipped with centrifugal nozzles exposed to different wind speeds under field conditions. Prior to field test, the droplet size of the centrifugal nozzle was measured by a laser-diffraction particle-size analyzer. The results showed that the relationship between rotation speed and Dv agrees with the negative power function. Field tests found that the deposition at 12 m downwind direction decreased by an order of magnitude compared with the average deposition within the in-swath zone. The deposition of almost all the treatments at 50 m downwind is lower than the detection limits of 0.0002 μL/cm. Based on the results from this study, the drift distance of this specific very popular UAV model is much less than that of manned aerial applicators. Based on the predicted equation (R = 0.83), the detected drift amount increased with increasing wind speed and decreasing Dv. This work provides basic information to quantify the effect of wind speeds and droplet sizes on UAV spray drift potential which supports on-going regulatory guideline development for spray buffer zone and drift risk assessment protocols.