The distinction between bacterial infectious and noninfectious arthritis is typically challenging in the early stages; however, it is critical for treatment decision making. Here, we investigated the diagnostic relevance of alpha- and beta-defensin levels in serum and synovial fluid as biomarkers of joint infection in patients presenting with fever and arthritis. The study included 12 patients who presented with fever (≥37°C) and arthritis (pain in the knee or hip joint). The diagnostic criteria for periprosthetic joint infection proposed by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society were used to detect joint infection and categorize the patients into infection and non-infection groups. Alpha-defensin-1 and beta-defensin-3 levels in serum and synovial fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No significant between-group difference was observed with respect to serum alpha-defensin-1 levels; however, synovial fluid alpha-defensin-1 levels were significantly higher in the infection group (33.6 ± 26.2 ng/ml) than in the non-infection group (0.9 ± 0.4 ng/ml). No significant between-group differences were observed with respect to serum or synovial fluid beta-defensin-3 levels. Furthermore, synovial fluid alpha-defensin-1 levels were increased in patients without prosthesis in the infection group. In conclusion, in patients with fever and arthritis, synovial fluid alpha-defensin-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with infectious arthritis than in those with noninfectious arthritis. Therefore, synovial fluid alpha-defensin-1 levels is a useful diagnostic marker for joint infection.
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