Antileishmanial drugs activate inflammatory signaling pathways via toll-like receptors (docking approach) from Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages.

The activation of proinflammatory cellular processes and signals such as those linked to NF-kB in macrophages are involved in the control of infection by Leishmania ssp. However, little is known about the influence of the drugs used in the treatment on the host cellular inflammatory signaling pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis on inflammatory profile related to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) from L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. J774 macrophage-like cells were infected with the promastigote forms (5:1) and 24 hs incubated with Amphotericin B (AmB), Glucantime® (GLU) or Pentamidine (Pent). The following inflammatory pathways were evaluated: NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65 phosphorylated (Ser536), stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) phosphorylated (Thr183/Tyr185), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK p38) phosphorylated (Thr180/Tyr182), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) phosphorylated (Tyr705) and inhibitor kappa B-α (IκB-α) phosphorylated (Ser32). In silico tests were performed to evaluate the molecular affinity between TLRs and antileishmanial drugs. Molecular docking showed that affinities varied significantly among the binders evaluated. The lowest affinity (-8.6 Kcal/Mol) was calculated for AmB in complex with TLR4. Pent showed higher values for TLR1, TLR2 and TLR3, while for TLR4 the affinity value was lower (5.5 Kcal/Mol). The values obtained for GLU were the highest for the set of binders tested. From the infected macrophages, treatments inhibited NF-kB p65 for GLU (65.44%), for Pent (46.43%) and for AmB (54.07%) compared to untreated infected macrophages. The activation of the signaling pathway of NF-kB, SAPK/JNK and IκB-α caused by AmB and Pent may potentiate the microbicidal mechanisms of the infected macrophages.