The removal of imidacloprid (IMI) from water by ozonation (O) and photo-ozonation (O/UV) was comparatively studied, paying particular attention to the kinetics, matrix effect, and mechanistic aspects of the processes. The IMI removal by O was considerably enhanced at alkaline pHs, leading to almost complete removal under 20 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.2374 min at pH 8.25. Three different matrices, Milli-Q water, full-scale vacuum rotating membrane bioreactor plant effluent (VRMBR WW), and laboratory-scale instantaneous fed-batch reactor bioreactor effluent (Bio WW) spiked with IMI, were tested. The ozonation, coupled with UV, improved IMI removal remarkably regardless of the wastewater matrix, and there occurred a six times decrease in ozonation time requirement for 99% IMI elimination at pH 7.25. The IMI degradation mechanism proved that IMI is an ozone-resistant pollutant and is mainly degraded by OH• via an indirect mechanism. The second-order rate constants for IMI degradation with OH• were calculated as 2.23 × 10 and 9.08 × 10 M s for the O alone and O/UV processes, respectively. The IMI degradation pathway analysis showed that IMI lost NO, HNO, and then Cl from its structure, and the O/UV process yielded fewer by-products than O.
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