Comparison of rotational and orbital atherectomy for the treatment of calcific coronary lesions: Insights from the VA clinical assessment reporting and tracking (CART) program.

Background: Previous studies suggested that pre-treatment of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with rotational atherectomy (RA) prior to stent deployment improved procedural success but was not associated with a concomitant improvement in clinical outcomes. Orbital atherectomy (OA) has demonstrated similar benefits, though there are few data comparing the safety and efficacy of the two modalities.

Methods: Patients who underwent PCI of a native coronary lesion with RA or OA from 2014 to 2018 within the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System were identified. Propensity matched cohorts were generated to compare the clinical and safety outcomes following either RA or OA. The primary endpoint was the rate of 30-day major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including all-cause mortality, repeat myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and stroke.

Results: We identified 1,091 patients that underwent atherectomy during the study period, 640 (59%) treated with RA and 451 (41%) treated with OA. Among a propensity-matched cohort consisting of 950 patients, there was no significant difference in MACCE for patients who underwent RA or OA (7.1 vs. 8.2%, p = .36). Components of the primary outcome including 30-day mortality, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and stroke were also similar in the matched cohort. Additionally, procedural complications including perforation, no-reflow, dissection, and in-stent thrombosis were comparable across both treatment strategies.

Conclusions: Both rotational and orbital atherectomy are safe and effective strategies for the treatment of calcified coronary plaque prior to stent deployment, with similarly low rates of peri-procedural adverse events.