Regulation of autophagy by DNA G-quadruplexes.

Guanine-rich DNA strands can form secondary structures known as G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA or G4s). G4-DNA is important for the regulation of replication and transcription. We recently showed that the expression of , a gene that is critical for macroautophagy/autophagy, is controlled by G4-DNA in neurons. We demonstrated that the transcription factor SUB1/PC4 and the G4-DNA-specific antibody HF2 bind to a putative G4-DNA motif located in the gene. Stabilizing G4-DNA with the G4-ligand pyridostatin (PDS) downregulates expression in neurons. Here, we further investigated how G4-DNA in the gene is stabilized by PDS. We show that PDS can form 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with the 's G4. We also demonstrate that PDS downregulates the ATG7 protein and the expression of in astrocytes as well as in neurons. Together with our previous findings, these data establish a novel G4-DNA-associated mechanism of autophagy regulation at a transcriptional level in neurons and astrocytes.