Designing indenothiophene-based acceptor materials with efficient photovoltaic parameters for fullerene-free organic solar cells.

Non-fullerene small molecular acceptors (NFSMAs) exhibit promising photovoltaic performance which promoted the rapid progress of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, an attempt is done to explore indenothiophene-based high-performance small molecular electron acceptors for organic solar cells. We have designed five acceptor molecules (M1-M5) with strong donor moiety indenothiophene linked to five different end-capped group acceptor moieties: diflouro-2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroindene-1-ylidene)malononitrile (A1), 1-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-5,6-dicarbonitrile (A2), methyl-6-cyano-3-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methylene-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-5-carboylate (A3), 2-(6-cyano-5-fluoro-2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3 dihydro-1H-indene-1-ylidene)malononitrile (A4), and (Z)-methyl 3-(benzo [c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)-2-cyanoacrylate (A5) respectively. The structure-property relationship was studied and effects of structural modification on the optoelectronic properties of these acceptors (M1-M5) were determined systematically by comparing it with reference molecule R, which is recently reported as excellent non-fullerene-based small acceptor molecule. Among all designed molecules, M5 is proven as a suitable candidate for organic solar cell applications due to better photovoltaic properties including narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap (2.11 eV), smallest electron mobility (λ = 0.0038 eV), highest λ values (702.82 nm in gas) and (663.09 nm in chloroform solvent) and highest open-circuit voltage (V = 1.49 V) with respect to HOMO-LUMO. Our results indicate that introducing more end-capped electron-accepting units is a simple and effective alternative strategy for the design of promising NFSMAs. This theoretical framework also proves that the conceptualized NFSMAs are superior and thus are recommended for the future construction of high-performance organic solar cell devices. Graphical abstract.