Biofilm Mode of Cultivation Leads to an Improvement of the Entomotoxic Patterns of Two Species.

Two fungi, i.e., Link and (Ahlb.) E. Cohn, were cultivated according to two methodologies, namely submerged and biofilm cultures with the primary aim to use their secondary metabolites the supernatant CL, and CL varied between 1.3% () to 12.7% () for incubation times from 24 to 72 h. While the supernatant entomotoxicity was higher than this of , the biofilm culture application increased the efficiency of the former. Proteomic analysis of the supernatants revealed discrepancies among the two species and modes of cultivation. Furthermore, the secondary metabolite profiles of both cultures were verified. Aspergillic acid, beta-cyclopiazonic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, ferrineospergillin, flavacol, and spermadin A were most predominant. Generally, these secondary metabolites were present in higher concentrations in the supernatants of and biofilm cultures. These molecular identifications correlated positively with entomotoxic activity. Noteworthy, the absence of carcinogenic aflatoxins was remarkable, and it will allow further valorization to produce to develop potential biopesticides.