Xanthomonas spp. encompass a wide range of plant pathogens that use numerous virulence factors for pathogenicity and fitness in plant hosts. In this Review, we examine recent insights into host-pathogen co-evolution, diversity in Xanthomonas populations and host specificity of Xanthomonas spp. that have substantially improved our fundamental understanding of pathogen biology. We emphasize the virulence factors in xanthomonads, such as type III secreted effectors including transcription activator-like effectors, type II secretion systems, diversity resulting in host specificity, evolution of emerging strains, activation of susceptibility genes and strategies of host evasion. We summarize the genomic diversity in several Xanthomonas spp. and implications for disease outbreaks, management strategies and breeding for disease resistance.
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- Bacterial blight in pomegranate, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae (Xcp), is a major issue leading to significant economic losses, with current management primarily relying on antibiotics and copper-based treatments.
- The excessive use of antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance, prompting research into eco-friendly alternatives like native endophytes, which are beneficial bacteria isolated from pomegranate plants that can inhibit Xcp growth through the production of antimicrobial volatiles.
- Field trials showed that using these endophytes reduced the disease index by 47-68%, outperforming traditional chemical treatments, making them promising candidates for sustainable bacterial blight management in pomegranate cultivation.
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