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Song acquisition behavior observed in the songbird system provides a notable example of learning through trial- and-error which parallels human speech acquisition. Studying songbird vocal learning can offer insights into mechanisms underlying human language. We present a computational model of song learning that integrates reinforcement learning (RL) and Hebbian learning and agrees with known songbird circuitry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInduced Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Spinal Cord Injury: Present Status and Next Steps.
Korean J Neurotrauma
December 2024
Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a significant clinical challenge, with no fully effective treatment available despite advancements in various therapeutic approaches. This review examines the emerging role of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) as promising candidates for SCI treatment, highlighting their potential for direct neural regeneration and integration with host tissue. We explore the biology of iNSCs, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with host tissue, including modulating inflammatory responses, promoting axonal growth, and reconstructing neural circuits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSurgical and Neurointensive Management for Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review.
Korean J Neurotrauma
December 2024
Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) following high-energy trauma often leads to lasting neurologic deficits and severe socioeconomic impact. Effective neurointensive care, particularly in the early stages post-injury, is essential for optimizing outcomes. This review discusses the role of neurointensive care in managing SCI, emphasizing early assessment, stabilization, and intervention strategies based on recent evidence-based practices.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnravelling the Unseen: A Case Series Exploring the Enigmas of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy.
Cureus
December 2024
Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Takhtasinhji General Hospital, Bhavnagar, IND.
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a rare condition resulting from damage to the optic nerve due to craniofacial trauma. It can present as direct or indirect injuries, with mechanisms ranging from mechanical disruption by fractures in direct TON to transmitted forces causing shearing and ischemia in indirect TON. These injuries often lead to significant visual impairment or complete vision loss, requiring timely diagnosis and intervention.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPacemaker Pocket Erosion: A Critical Issue Requiring Immediate Attention.
Cureus
December 2024
Cardiology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA.
Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, regulate heart rate and rhythm in patients with cardiac conditions. With an aging population, CIED-related complications, especially pacemaker pocket infections, are rising. Risk factors include frailty, older age, and superficial device fixation, while risk mitigation involves larger pocket sizes, submuscular fixation, and absorbable antibacterial envelopes.
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