Spatial variations in oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in waters and human hair across South Korea.

The spatial distribution of isotopic signatures in the form of isoscape is a valuable tool to map their spatial heterogeneity in various environmental settings. However, only limited information about δO and δH in water across South Korea is available and to our knowledge no study so far has tried to examine the isotopic heterogeneity of tap water and human scalp hair in South Korea. Here, we present the first national scale analyses of stream water, groundwater, tap water, and human scalp hair isoscapes for South Korea. Stream water, groundwater, tap water, and human scalp hair samples were collected from across South Korea. These samples were analyzed for δO and δH, and the isotopic data were then used to generate interpolated δO and δH isoscapes for South Korea. The results of linear regression analyses showed strong and significant relationships between δO and δO (R = 0.83, P < 0.002) and between δH and δH (R = 0.74, P < 0.006), primarily reflecting a close co-relationship between water and hair. The slopes of linear regressions for δO (ΔδO/ΔδO) and δH (ΔδH/ΔδH) suggested that approximately 27% of hydrogen and 36% of oxygen in hair keratin were derived from the local drinking water. Interpolated δO and δH isotope maps of stream water, groundwater, and tap water samples collected from across South Korea showed similar spatial patterns of isotope variability. These samples showed a clear latitudinal gradient with high isotopic values in the south which progressively decrease toward the north. The same trends were observed in hair isoscapes as well, and had gradients matching the isotopic pattern of water samples. The strong relationship between water and human hair, and the consistent spatial pattern between them suggest that hair isotope signatures in South Korea can be used in provenance- and forensic-related activities.