Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) populations began decreasing dramatically in the 1900s. Contemporary populations are small, isolated, and may be susceptible to inbreeding and reduced adaptive potential because of low genetic variation. Genetic variation at immune genes is especially important as it influences disease susceptibility and adaptation to emerging infectious pathogens, a central conservation concern for declining amphibians. We collected samples from across the extant range of this salamander to examine genetic variation at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Iα and IIβ exons as well as the mitochondrial control region. We screened tail or toe tissue for ranavirus, a pathogen associated with amphibian declines worldwide. Overall, we found low MHC variation when compared to other amphibian species and did not detect ranavirus at any site. MHC class Iα sequencing revealed only three alleles with a nucleotide diversity of 0.001, while MHC class IIβ had five alleles with a with nucleotide diversity of 0.004. However, unique variation still exists across this species' range with private alleles at three sites. Unlike MHC diversity, mitochondrial variation was comparable to levels estimated for other amphibians with nine haplotypes observed, including one haplotype shared across all sites. We hypothesize that a combination of a historic disease outbreak and a population bottleneck may have contributed to low MHC diversity while maintaining higher levels of mitochondrial DNA variation. Ultimately, MHC data indicated that the reticulated flatwoods salamander may be at an elevated risk from infectious diseases due to low levels of immunogenetic variation necessary to combat novel pathogens.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01160-y | DOI Listing |
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