Pretarsal blepharospasm: Clinical and electromyographic characteristics.

Objective: To describe the clinical and electromyographic characteristics of blepharospasm caused by selective involvement of the pars pretarsalis of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Methods: Clinical assessment and simultaneous electromyographic recordings from levator palpebrae superioris and pars orbitaria and pretarsalis of orbicularis oculi muscles were performed in patients with blepharospasm and primary failure to botulinum toxin injections. Patients with selective abnormal electromyographic activity of the pars pretarsalis of the orbicularis oculi muscle were identified and treated with selective pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin.

Results: We found 24 patients with pretarsal blepharospasm confirmed by the electromyographic assessment. All of them were functionally blind. Three clinical-electromyographic patterns were identified: (a) Impairment of eyelid opening; (b) Increased blinking; (c) Spasms of eye closure combined with varying degrees of excessive blinking and impairment of eye-opening. Pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin induced a significant improvement in all patients and 50 % regained normal or near-normal vision. The clinical improvement was sustained after repeated pretarsal injections.

Conclusions: Pretarsal blepharospasm can be suspected on clinical grounds and it can be confirmed by electromyographic recordings.

Significance: Recognition of this type of blepharospasm is important because of its excellent response to botulinum toxin injections applied into the pretarsal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.