Autophagy efficacy and vitamin D status: Population effects.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/1 signalling is linked to autophagy through transcriptional actions of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D)-vitamin D receptor (VDR) complex. Population-specific effects have been reported for TLR2/1-VDR signalling. We hypothesized that population effects extend to autophagy and are influenced by vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH)D of healthy South Africans (Black individuals n = 10, White individuals n = 10) was quantified by LC-MS/MS. Primary monocytes-macrophages were supplemented in vitro with 1,25(OH)D and stimulated with the lipoprotein PamCysSerLys. TLR2, VDR, hCAP18, Beclin1, LC3-IIB, cytokines and CYP24A1 mRNA were quantified by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR, respectively. Black individuals showed significantly lower overall cumulative LC3-IIB (P < 0.010), but higher Beclin1, VDR, IL6 and TNFA (P < 0.050) than White individuals. 1,25(OH)D enhanced autophagic flux in monocytes-macrophages from Black individuals upon TLR2/1 stimulation and strengthened autophagy in 25(OH)D deficient individuals (independent cohort, n = 20). These findings support population-directed vitamin D supplementation.