Distinguishing reclamation, revegetation and phytoremediation, and the importance of geochemical processes in the reclamation of sulfidic mine tailings: A review.

The reclamation of tailings, especially acid-generating tailings resulting from the oxidation of sulfide minerals, has been an urgent but difficult task for a long period. Phytoremediation has been received great concerns in the area of metal (loid)s removal in recent two decades. However, in the reclamation of tailings, the term "revegetation" has been mentioned frequently. In order to help to design an appropriate reclamation plan during mine closure stage, this paper aims to distinguish the concepts of reclamation, revegetation and phytoremediation, and then clarify their relationships. After review and discussion, it is concluded that the concept of reclamation includes the concept of revegetation, and revegetation includes phytoremediation. The amended phytostabilization is proposed as the most potential phytoremediation technique for reducing the metal (loid)s mobility in sulfidic tailings. Moreover, since much research has been focusing on microbial activities in the tailings - plants system, this paper further indicated the importance of inorganic geochemical processes in the direct revegetation on sulfidic mine tailings and emphasized its potential being an anticipated research direction in the near future.