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Objectives: Variation in primate masticatory form and function has been extensively researched through both morphological and experimental studies. As a result, symphyseal fusion in different primate clades has been linked to either the recruitment of vertically directed balancing-side muscle force, the timing and recruitment of transversely directed forces, or both. This study investigates the relationship between jaw muscle activity patterns and morphology in extant primates to make inferences about masticatory function in extinct primates, with implications for understanding the evolution of symphyseal fusion.
Materials And Methods: Three-dimensional mandibular landmark data were collected for 31 extant primates and nine fossil anthropoids and subfossil lemur species. Published electromyography (EMG) data were available for nine of the extant primate species. Partial least squares analysis and phylogenetic partial least squares analysis were used to identify relationships between EMG and jaw shape data and evaluate variation in jaw morphology.
Results: Primates with partial and complete symphyseal fusion exhibit shape-function patterns associated with the wishboning motor pattern and loading regime, in contrast to shape-function patterns of primates with unfused jaws. All fossil primates examined (except Apidium) exhibit jaw morphologies suggestive of the wishboning motor pattern demonstrated in living anthropoids and indriids.
Discussion: Partial fusion in Catopithecus, similar to indriids and some subfossil lemurs, may be sufficient to resist, or transfer, some amounts of transversely directed balancing-side muscle force at the symphysis, representing a transition to greater reliance on transverse jaw movement during mastication. Furthermore, possible functional convergences in physiological patterns during chewing (i.e., Archaeolemur) are identified.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24048 | DOI Listing |
J Anat
October 2024
Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
When developing, the mandible presents great plasticity and contains condensed mesenchymal cells that develops into Meckel's cartilage, of which the anterior part forms the mandibular symphysis. Mandible human development studies focus on investigating whether the beginning of mandibular fusion in fetal period is related to symphysis ossification and the tensions imposed on it, considering that tongue movements, mouth opening, and closing can be seen in fetuses. This research analyses tissue modifications during human mandibular symphysis growth using light and scanning electron microscopy to relate them to its functional structure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Vet Sci
February 2024
Istituto Veterinario di Novara AniCura, Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Novara, Italy.
Introduction: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to document the normal variation of clinical mobility of the mandibular symphysis in cats and possible associations with bodyweight, age, sex, sexual status, breed and skull morphology. Secondarily, the radiographic appearance of the mandibular symphysis and possible associations with the analyzed data were evaluated.
Materials And Methods: Two hundred and sixteen cats of 15 different breeds that underwent maxillofacial, oral and dental procedures from April 2015 to December 2021 were included.
Ann Anat
June 2024
Department of ASTARC, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Objective: Pubis-related groin pain remains a difficult topic in orthopedic and sports medicine. A better understanding of the anatomy of the adductors and the pubic ligaments is necessary. The aim of this study is to map all the musculotendinous attachments to the pubic ligaments and to investigate in detail all the possible inter-adductor fusions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol
March 2024
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA.
In studies of mammalian mastication, a possible relationship has been proposed between bilateral recruitment of jaw adductor muscle force during unilateral chewing and the degree of fusion of the mandibular symphysis. Specifically, species that have unfused, mobile mandibular symphyses tend to utilize lower levels of jaw adductor force on the balancing (nonchewing) than the working (chewing) side of the head, when compared to related species with fused symphyses. Here, we compare jaw adductor recruitment levels in two species of musteloid carnivoran: the carnivorous ferret (unfused symphysis), and the frugivorous kinkajou (fused symphysis).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Vet Sci
November 2023
Department of Dentistry, Oral, and Maxillofacial Surgery, Istituto Veterinario di Novara AniCura, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.
Introduction: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to document the normal variation of clinical mobility of the mandibular symphysis in dogs, and evaluate possible associations with breed, bodyweight, age, sex, and skull morphology. Secondarily, the radiographic appearance of the mandibular symphysis and possible associations with the analyzed data were also evaluated.
Methods: Medical records of dogs that underwent anesthetic procedures for maxillofacial, oral and dental evaluation from April 2015 to December 2021 were included.
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