Relative Abundance of Thiolated Species of As, Mo, W, and Sb in Hot Springs of Yellowstone National Park and Iceland.

Geothermal waters often are enriched in trace metal(loid)s, such as arsenic, antimony, molybdenum, and tungsten. The presence of sulfide can lead to the formation of thiolated anions; however, their contributions to total element concentrations typically remain unknown because nonsuitable sample stabilization and chromatographic separation methods convert them to oxyanions. Here, the concurrent widespread occurrence of thioarsenates, thiomolybdates, thiotungstates, and thioantimonates, in sulfide-rich hot springs from Yellowstone National Park and Iceland is shown. More thiolation was generally observed at higher molar sulfide to metal(loid) excess (Iceland > Yellowstone). Thioarsenates were the most prominent and ubiquitous thiolated species, with trithioarsenate typically dominating arsenic speciation. In some Icelandic hot springs, arsenic was nearly quantitatively thiolated. Also, for molybdenum, thioanions dominated over oxyanions in many Icelandic hot springs. For tungsten and antimony, oxyanions typically dominated and thioanions were observed less frequently, but still contributed up to a few tens of percent in some springs. This order of relative abundance (thioarsenates > thiomolybdates > thiotungstates ≈ thioantimonates) was also observed when looking at processes triggering transformation of thioanions such as mixing with non-geothermal waters or HS degassing and oxidation with increasing distance from a discharge. Even though to different extents, thiolation contributed substantially to speciation of all four elements studied, indicating that their analysis is required when studying geothermal systems.