Patients with uremia can suffer from decreased renal function and endocrine and metabolism disorders,which can lead to the accumulation of toxins in the body.Accumulation of uremic toxins is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction in uremic patients.This article summarizes some of the cognitive dysfunction-related uremic toxins and their possible mechanisms.
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Article Synopsis
- Uremic patients accumulate protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), which alter drug metabolism by affecting the environment around liver cells and CYP450 enzymes.
- The study found that specific PBUTs like indoxyl sulfate (IS) and hippurate (HA) significantly inhibit the metabolism of atorvastatin (ATV), with IS being the most impactful, reducing ATV metabolism by over 50%.
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Liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry reveals the inhibitory effects of Huangkuisiwu formula on biosynthesis of protein-binding uremic toxins in rats with chronic kidney disease.
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Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a common disorder worldwide. Protein-binding uremic toxins that cannot be efficiently removed by extracorporeal renal replacement therapies, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are associated with high risks of cardiovascular complications and high mortality in CKD population. This study aimed to explore the therapeutical effects of Huangkuisiwu formula (HKSWF) on CKD rats.
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