A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: fopen(/var/lib/php/sessions/ci_session8h4i1dgiq6phd36ltmhmbskn5l8dee4c): Failed to open stream: No space left on device

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 177

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Failed to read session data: user (path: /var/lib/php/sessions)

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 137

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 3100

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Ghost spasticity in multiple sclerosis. | LitMetric

Ghost spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

J Electromyogr Kinesiol

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy. Electronic address:

Published: April 2020

AI Article Synopsis

  • Spasticity is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone that occurs in patients with Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, often affecting muscle reflexes during rest.
  • This study used surface electromyography (EMG) to examine the stretch reflex excitability of the hamstrings in 30 progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and 20 healthy controls at varying velocities.
  • Findings revealed that while tonic stretch reflexes were common among patients, only a few exhibited hypertonia, indicating that this phenomenon—referred to as "ghost spasticity"—may increase the risk of developing muscle contractures despite not always leading to higher muscle tone.

Article Abstract

Spasticity is the velocity-dependent hypertonia frequently encountered in patients affected by Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome. It is due to a tonic stretch reflex, which is evoked in patients at rest. The aim of this study, performed using surface electromyography (EMG), was to investigate stretch reflex excitability in the hamstrings muscles of patients affected by progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and to correlate EMG results with clinical findings. Thirty patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls were investigated. EMG activity was recorded from biceps femoris muscle with the patient at rest. To stretch hamstrings muscles, the patient's leg was manually moved from maximal flexion to maximal extension at 3 different velocities to investigate both phasic and tonic stretch reflex. Only 7 patients were affected by hypertonia of the hamstrings; 4 of them showed muscle contracture. A tonic stretch reflex was present in the vast majority of the recruited patients, whether they presented hypertonia of the hamstrings or not. Tonic stretch reflex is often present in the hamstrings muscles of progressive MS patients without producing increased muscle tone. This "ghost spasticity" is likely to be, for its intrinsic features, an important risk factor for the development of contractures in the hamstrings muscles.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102408DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

stretch reflex
20
tonic stretch
16
hamstrings muscles
16
multiple sclerosis
8
hypertonia hamstrings
8
patients
7
stretch
6
hamstrings
6
reflex
5
ghost spasticity
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!