The prerequisites for maximizing the advantageous optical properties of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in biological applications are effective surface functionalization and bioconjugation strategies. Functionalization with dextran has been highly successful with some nanoparticle materials, but has had very limited application with QDs. Here, we report the preparation, characterization, and proof-of-concept applications of dextran-functionalized QDs. Multiple approaches to dextran ligands were evaluated, including performance with respect to colloidal stability across a range of pH, nonspecific binding with proteins and cells, and microinjection into cells and viability assays. Multiple bioconjugation strategies were demonstrated and applied, including covalent coupling to develop a simple pH sensor, binding of polyhistidine-tagged peptides to the QD for energy transfer-based proteolytic activity assays, and binding with tetrameric antibody complexes (TACs) to enable a sandwich immunoassay and cell immunolabeling and imaging. Our results show that dextran ligands are highly promising for the functionalization of QDs, and that the design of the ligands is tailorable to help optimally meet the requirements of applications.
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