The effects of four conductive nanomaterials (nano-carbon powder, nano-AlO, nano-ZnO, nano-CuO) on sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) performance and microbial community were investigated through a 36-day fermentation experiment. Results showed that biogas production enhanced by 16.9% and 23.4% with nano-carbon powder and nano-AlO added but decreased by 90.2% and 17.3% with nano-ZnO and nano-CuO. Total solids (TS) removal efficiency was increased by 38.73% and 27.11% with nano-carbon powder and nano-AlO added but decreased by 70.67% and 43.70% with nano-ZnO and nano-CuO. Kinetic analysis indicated four conductive nanomaterials could shorten the lag phase of AD sludge with an average rate of 51.75%. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing results demonstrated microbes such as Syntrophomonas and Methanosaeta were enriched in nano-carbon powder and nano-AlO reactors. However, microbial community diversity and richness were both inhibited by adding nano-ZnO and nano-CuO. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that genera belong to Firmicutes and Chloroflexi could conduce to methanogenesis process.
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