Straw biochar and straw application to paddy soil dramatically altered arsenic (As) biogeochemical cycling in soil-rice system, but it remains unknown how As biotransformation microbes (ABMs) contribute to these processes. In this study, rice pot experiments combining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and clone library were performed to characterize ABMs. Through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and correlation analysis, results revealed that arrA-harbouring iron-reducing bacteria (e.g., Geobacter and Shewanella) and arsC-harbouring Gammaproteobacteria (e.g., fermentative hydrogen-producing and lignin-degrading microorganisms) potentially mediated arsenate [As(V)] reduction under biochar and straw amendments, respectively. Methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) carrying arsM gene might regulate methylated As concentration in soil-rice system. Network analysis demonstrated that the association among ABMs in rhizosphere was significantly stronger than that in bulk soil. Arsenite [As(III)] methylators carrying arsM gene exhibited much stronger co-occurrence pattern with arsC-harbouring As(V) reducers than with arrA-harbouring As(V) reducers. This study would broaden our insights for the dramatic variation of As biogeochemical cycling in soil-rice system after straw biochar and straw amendments through the activities of ABMs, which could contribute to the safe rice production and high rice yield in As-contaminated fields.
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