The appropriate utilisation, storage and conversion of nutrients in peripheral tissues, referred to as nutrient partitioning, is a fundamental process to adapt to nutritional and metabolic challenges and is thus critical for the maintenance of a healthy energy balance. Alterations in this process during nutrient excess can have deleterious effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis and contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nutrient partitioning is a complex integrated process under the control of hormonal and neural signals. Neural control relies on the capacity of the brain to sense circulating metabolic signals and mount adaptive neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. This review aims to discuss the hypothalamic neurocircuits and molecular mechanisms controlling nutrient partitioning and their potential contribution to metabolic maladaptation and disease.
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