Sono-photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and pharmaceutical wastewater using WO/CNT heterojunction nanocomposite under US and visible light irradiations: A novel hybrid system.

In this paper, in-situ fabrication of tungsten oxide (WO) on carbon nano-tube (CNT) was performed via sol-gel/hydrothermal method to prepare WO/CNT nanocomposites and then coupled with visible light and ultrasound (US) irradiations for sono-photocatalytic removal of tetracycline (TTC) and pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, UV-VIS DRS, FESEM, EDS, TGA, BET, BJH, EIS, and EDX techniques. The characterization tests, indicated successful incorporation of CTNs into the WO framework and efficient reduction of charge carries recombination rate after modifying with CNT. The investigation of experimental parameters verified that 60 mg/L TTC could be perfectly degraded at optimum operational parameters (WO/CNT: 0.7 g/L, pH: 9.0, US power: 250 W/m, and light intensity: 120 W/m over 60 min treatment. Trapping experiments results verified that HO radicals and h were the main oxidative species in degradation of TTC. The as-prepared photocatalysts could be reused after six successive cycles with an approximately 8.8 % reduction in removal efficiency. Investigation of the effect of real pharmaceutical wastewater revealed that this system is able to eliminate 83.7 and 90.6 % of TOC and COD, respectively after 220 min of reaction time. Some compounds with lower toxic impact and molecular weight, compared to raw pharmaceutical wastewater, were detected after treatment by sono-photocatalysis process. The biodegradability of real pharmaceutical wastewater was improved significantly after treatment by WO/CNT sono-photocatalysis.