Impact of cycle type on aerobic granular sludge formation, stability, removal mechanisms and system performance.

This paper aimed to assess the impact of the cycle type on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) formation, stability and system performance. Six AGS reactors were operated either on A/O cycles (anaerobic followed by oxic phase) or A/O/A cycles (anaerobic, followed by oxic and anoxic phases), changing only the phase time distribution. Reactors with high percentage of aerobic phase (65% of the total cycle time) generated granules with better settleability and resistance, however denitrification was impaired. On the other hand, reactors with long anaerobic or anoxic phases presented excellent nutrients removals, but the granules were fluffy and unstable. The best results in terms of performance and stability were achieved in an A/O/A reactor with short anoxic phase (10% of the total cycle) and medium aerobic phase (55% of the total cycle). Therefore, in AGS reactors, it is indispensable to optimize the cycle, aiming at fast biomass formation, long-term granule stability and high-rate pollutants removal.