Convolutional Neural Network for Second Metacarpal Radiographic Osteoporosis Screening.

Purpose: Osteoporosis and osteopenia are extremely common and can lead to fragility fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a computer learning system could classify whether a hand radiograph demonstrated osteoporosis based on the second metacarpal cortical percentage.

Methods: We used the second metacarpal cortical percentage as the osteoporosis predictor. A total of 4,000 posteroanterior (PA) radiographs of the hand were standardized through laterality correction, vertical alignment correction, segmentation, proxy osteoporosis predictor, and full pipeline. Laterality was classified using a LeNet convolutional neural network (CNN). Vertical alignment classification used 2,000 PA x-rays to determine vertical alignment of the second metacarpal. We employed segmentation to determine which pixels belong to the second metacarpal from 1,000 PA x-rays using the FSN-8 CNN. The full pipeline was tested on 265 previously unseen PA x-rays.

Results: Laterality classification accuracy was 99.62%, with a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 99.3%. Rotation of the hand within 10° of vertical was accurate in 93.2% of films. Segmentation was 94.8% accurate. Proxy osteoporosis predictor was 88.4% accurate. Full pipeline accuracy was 93.9%. In the testing data set, the CNN had a sensitivity of 82.4% and specificity of 95.7%. In the balanced data set, 6 of 39 osteoporotic films were classified as nonosteoporotic; sensitivity was 82.4% and specificity, 94.3%.

Conclusions: We have created a series of CNN that can accurately identify osteoporosis from non-osteoporosis. Furthermore, our CNN is able to make adjustments to images based on laterality and vertical alignment.

Clinical Relevance: Convolutional neural network and computer learning can be used as an adjunct to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans or to screen and make appropriate referrals for further workup in patients with suspected osteoporosis.