In this study, the response of methane (CH) production to the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) with three types of short-chain fatty acids (sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate) as carbon sources in mangrove sediment was investigated. The results showed that the maximum CH formation rate increased by 45.2%, 32.7% and 48.6% and the maximum cumulative CH production increased by 25.2%, 7.7% and 6.3% with the addition of TiO NPs in the sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate systems, respectively. The microbial community analysis revealed that the electrogenic bacteria Proteiniclasticum and Pseudomonas, butyrate oxidizing bacteria Syntrophomonas and methanogens Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina were significantly enriched in the presence of TiO NPs, indicating that TiO NPs can enhance CH production by stimulating the growth of different species of methanogens and butyrate oxidizing bacteria. The enlarged distance between microbes, the enhanced conductivity of the sediment and the typical microorganisms for direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) with the addition of TiO NPs suggest that the promoted DIET between distinct microorganisms could be another possible explanation for the improvement in CH production. It can be speculated that a weaker effect on methanogenesis increases under the natural concentration of TiO NPs compared with the experimental conditions; however, the amounts of TiO NPs are increasing enriched in wetland environments. Therefore, the findings of this study increase current knowledge about the effect of nanomaterials on global CH emissions and suggest that the discharge of wastewater containing TiO NPs from the synthesis and incorporation of TiO NPs in customer products needs to be monitored.
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