This study initially aimed at investigating the occurrence of azole resistance among Candida spp. from animals and analyzing the involvement of efflux pumps in the resistance phenomenon. Then, the dynamics of antifungal resistance was assessed, by comparing the antifungal epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) against C. albicans and C. tropicalis from humans and animals. Fifty azole-resistant isolates (24 C. albicans, 24 C. tropicalis; 2 C. parapsilosis sensu lato) were submitted to the efflux pump inhibition assay with promethazine and significant MIC reductions were observed for fluconazole (2 to 250-fold) and itraconazole (16 to 4000-fold). Then, the antifungal ECVs against C. albicans and C. tropicalis from human and animal isolates were compared. Fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole ECVs against human isolates were lower than those against animal isolates. Based on the antifungal ECVs against human isolates, only 33.73%, 50.39% and 63.53% of C. albicans and 52.23%, 61.85% and 55.17% of C. tropicalis from animals were classified as wild-type for fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively. Therefore, efflux-mediated mechanisms are involved in azole resistance among Candida spp. from animals and this phenomenon seems to emerge in animal-associated niches, pointing to the existence of environmental drivers of resistance and highlighting the importance of the One Health approach to control it.
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