Bottle-feeding an infant feeding modality: An integrative literature review.

Bottle-feeding is an infant feeding modality that has been in existence since ancient times, and currently, a significant number of infants are being fed via a bottle with either breastmilk or formula. Although research on bottle-feeding has continued, it exists in fragmented, often small studies that focus on singular aspects of feeding an infant using a bottle, with limited information on the bottle-feeding act. Systems theory was the approach used to define the act of bottle-feeding and identify the parts within this act. Health databases were searched using MeSH terms. A summary of the studies are included. The findings of this review revealed that healthy term bottle-feeding infants use similar tongue and jaw movements, can create suction and sequentially use teat compression to obtain milk, with minimal differences in oxygen saturation and SSB patterns, when compared with breastfeeding infants. Bottle and teat characteristics were revealed to affect infant feeding and milk intake. An infant's milk intake during feeding was shown to have a strong association with the interaction between the infant and parent/caregiver. With the issue of who controls the feed, mother or infant, likely to affect an infant's ability to self-regulate their milk intake. Redefining bottle-feeding as a holistic system identifies the interrelationship of the various parts which will improve the understanding of the reciprocal nature of infant feeding. To optimize bottle-feeding outcomes, further research is required on parents' and health professionals' knowledge and understanding of the parts within the act of bottle-feeding.