Beam steering with ultracompact and low-power silicon resonator phase shifters.

Photonic integrated circuit (PIC) phased arrays can be an enabling technology for a broad range of applications including free-space laser communications on compact moving platforms. However, scaling PIC phased arrays to a large number of array elements is limited by the large size and high power consumption of individual phase shifters used for beam steering. In this paper, we demonstrate silicon PIC phased array beam steering based on thermally tuned ultracompact microring resonator phase shifters with a radius of a few microns. These resonators integrated with micro-heaters are designed to be strongly coupled to an external waveguide, thereby providing a large and adjustable phase shift with a small residual amplitude modulation while consuming an average power of 0.4 mW. We also introduce near-field and far-field characterization techniques to enable the calibration and programming of resonator phase shifters in the phased array. With such compact phase shifters, we demonstrate beam steering with a 1x8 PIC phased array. The small size of these resonator phase shifters will enable low-power and ultra-large scale PIC phased arrays for long distance laser communication systems.