Profiling epigenetic changes in human cell line induced by atrazine exposure.

How environmental chemicals can affect and exert their toxic effect at a molecular level has gained significant interest in recent years, not only for understanding their immediate health implications over exposed individuals, but also for their subsequent progeny. Atrazine (ATZ) is a commonly used herbicide in the U.S. and a long-suspected endocrine disrupting chemical. The molecular mechanism conferring long-term adverse health outcomes, however, remain elusive. Here, we explored changes in epigenetic marks that arise after exposure to ATZ at selected doses using image-based analysis coupled with data clustering. Significant decreases in methylated CpG (CpG) and histone 3 lysine 9 tri-methylated (H3K9me3) were observed in the selected human cell line with a clear spatial preference. Treating cells with ATZ leads to the loss of a subpopulation of cells with high CpG levels as identified in our clustering and histogram analysis. A similar trend was observed in H3K9me3 potentially attributing to the cross-talking between CpG and H3K9me3. Changes in CpG are likely to be associated with alterations in epigenetic enzyme expression levels regulating CpG and persist after the removal of ATZ source which collectively provide a plausible mechanism for long-term ATZ-induced toxicity.