Quinonoid Zwitterion: An Amphiphilic Cathode Interlayer with Initial Thickness-Insensitive and Self-Organizing Properties for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells.

Orthogonal solvent processability is generally considered as one of the key requirements for an efficient interfacial material. Here, we showed that in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs), solvent orthogonality is not required for an effective and reliable cathode interlayer. A quinonoid zwitterionic molecule with amphiphilic property [dissolved in both methanol and -dichlorobenzene (-DCB)] named ZW-Bu was first applied as the cathode interlayer in inverted PSCs. For three different photoactive systems, the devices with ZW-Bu cathode buffer layers (CBLs) exhibited better performance than those with commonly used ZnO CBLs. Most importantly, the device efficiency was fairly insensitive to the initial thickness of ZW-Bu. In addition, due to the high surface energy of the ZW-Bu film, it was successfully used as a self-organized CBL in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) systems, yielding a desirable efficiency compared to the PSCs fabricated via the layer-by-layer deposition method.