Analysis of local density potentials.

Low resolution coarse-grained (CG) models are widely adopted for investigating phenomena that cannot be effectively simulated with all-atom (AA) models. Since the development of the many-body dissipative particle dynamics method, CG models have increasingly supplemented conventional pair potentials with one-body potentials of the local density (LD) around each site. These LD potentials appear to significantly extend the transferability of CG models, while also enabling more accurate descriptions of thermodynamic properties, interfacial phenomena, and many-body correlations. In this work, we systematically examine the properties of LD potentials. We first derive and numerically demonstrate a nontrivial transformation of pair and LD potentials that leaves the total forces and equilibrium distribution invariant. Consequently, the pair and LD potentials determined via bottom-up methods are not unique. We then investigate the sensitivity of CG models for glycerol to the weighting function employed for defining the local density. We employ the multiscale coarse-graining (MS-CG) method to simultaneously parameterize both pair and LD potentials. When employing a short-ranged Lucy function that defines the local density from the first solvation shell, the MS-CG model accurately reproduces the pair structure, pressure-density equation of state, and liquid-vapor interfacial profile of the AA model. The accuracy of the model generally decreases as the range of the Lucy function increases further. The MS-CG model provides similar accuracy when a smoothed Heaviside function is employed to define the local density from the first solvation shell. However, the model performs less well when this function acts on either longer or shorter length scales.