MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that are characterized by small, noncoding RNA have an essential role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, miRNAs, as a new paradigm of epigenetic regulators, play an important role in normal development and cellular function. This literature review summarizes the recurrent mechanism of gene regulation through miRNAs and, consequently, the impact of regulated genes on different cellular processes, including proliferation, metastasis, prognosis, and apoptosis. Additionally, what is important to note is that the expression of miRNAs in various cancer cells is different, and miRNAs have various target genes in various cancers. Accordingly, a proper understanding of gene regulation by miRNAs contributes to new perspectives in miRNA-based therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: MiRNAs are considered as a crucial regulator of gene expression. The genes also play an important role in the expression of miRNAs; as a result, there is a relationship between them. In recent years, targeted therapy with miRNAs has been a significant challenge. Studying the mechanisms through which miRNAs regulate various cancer cell processes, including apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis, is very critical in the treatment of cancer through miRNAs. Definitely, a proper understanding of the impacts of aberrant expression of miRNAs on cancer cell processes leads to new therapeutic strategies in the targeted therapy with miRNAs.
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