Phylogenetic re-evaluation of with the introduction of a new family .

The genus is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of , and smooth, single-celled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. is typified with that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as . Besides exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of . Therefore, was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (, , ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in . Our results demonstrate that is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus is restricted to its type species, , which belongs to the () and its host is demonstrated to be , one of the two species in the "" species complex. The new family is sister to the in the and accommodates the re-defined genera , and , with the last genus including two former species ( and ). This family also includes the genetic model species , which was combined in (as ). The remaining species fall in ten unrelated clades in the , leading to the proposal of nine new genera (, , , , , , , and ). The genus is transferred from () to based on its type species . is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus , and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph ( and ) are introduced to better resolve the and the thielavia-like species in the family. and are closely related to and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species (syn. ). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of and the polyphyletic .