Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Integrated rice-duck farming (IRDF) has proven to decrease methane (CH) emissions due to increased dissolved oxygen caused by duck bioturbation. The duck bioturbation, however, also causes many bubbles of CH that were overlooked in previous studies. Therefore, it is uncertain whether IRDF could decrease CH emissions. We hypothesize that the effect of IRDF on CH emissions is related with the intensity of duck bioturbation. We simulated duck's disturbance (trampling and foraging) by stirring and aerating the surface soil in flooded rice fields. Three treatments were disturbed with an interval of 12 h (D12), 24 h (D24), and 48 h (D48), respectively, with non-disturbance as the control (CK). CH emissions as bubbles during the disturbance period (CH-A) were investigated. Besides, CH emissions were investigated every 2 h (CH-B), which lasted for 4 days during the rice elongation stage. Compared with CK, D12, D24, and D48 decreased CH-B emissions by 17.1%, 14.0%, and 10.1%, respectively. However, the CH-A emissions under D12, D24, and D48 were equivalent to 14.2%, 14.0%, and 11.9% of CH emissions under CK, respectively. On the whole, simulated duck bioturbation had limited effects on the reduction of total CH emissions.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06992-0 | DOI Listing |
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