Expression, Subcellular Localization, and Interactions of CPK Family Genes in Maize.

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPKs) is a key player in the calcium signaling pathway to decode calcium signals into various physiological responses. cDNA sequences of 9 CPK genes were successfully cloned from all four phylogenetic groups in maize. qRT-PCR analysis showed the expression variation of these selected genes under abscisic acid (ABA) and calcium chloride (CaCl) treatment. Due to the presence of N-myristoylation/palmitoylation sites, the selected CPK members were localized in a plasma membrane. To clarify whether CPK, a key player in calcium signaling, interacts with key players of ABA, protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) and the SNF1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in maize, we examined the interaction between 9 CPKs, 8 PP2Cs, 5 SnRKs, and 20 members of the MPK family in maize by using yeast two-hybrid assay. Our results showed that three CPKs interact with three different members of SnRKs while four CPK members had a positive interaction with 13 members of MPKs in different combinations. These four CPK proteins are from three different groups in maize. These findings of physical interactions between CPKs, SnRKs, and MPKs suggested that these signaling pathways do not only have indirect influence but also have direct crosstalk that may involve the defense mechanism in maize. The present study may improve the understanding of signal transduction in plants.