Intraspecific Variation within the Species Morphotypes Based on Chloroplast Genomes.

Salzm. ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard (Lentibulariacea) is a highly polymorphic carnivorous plant taxonomically rearranged many times throughout history. Herein, the complete chloroplast genomes (cpDNA) of three morphotypes: purple-, white-, and yellow-flowered, were sequenced, compared, and putative markers for systematic, populations, and evolutionary studies were uncovered. In addition, RNA-Seq and RNA-editing analysis were employed for functional cpDNA evaluation. The cpDNA of three morphotypes exhibits typical quadripartite structure. Fine-grained sequence comparison revealed a high degree of intraspecific genetic variability in all morphotypes, including an exclusive inversion in the M and N genes in yellow. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that morphotypes are monophyletic. Furthermore, in contrast to the terrestrial cpDNA, the morphotypes retain all the plastid NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase () complex genes. This observation supports the hypothesis that the s in terrestrial were independently lost and regained, also suggesting that different habitats (aquatic and terrestrial) are not related to the absence of s gene repertoire as previously assumed. Moreover, RNA-Seq analyses recovered similar patterns, including nonsynonymous RNA-editing sites (e.g., and ). Collectively, our results bring new insights into the chloroplast genome architecture and evolution of the photosynthesis machinery in the Lentibulariaceae.