When asked to combine two pieces of evidence, one diagnostic and one non-diagnostic, people show a dilution effect: the addition of non-diagnostic evidence dilutes the overall strength of the evidence. This non-normative effect has been found in a variety of tasks and has been taken as evidence that people inappropriately combine information. In a series of five experiments, we found the dilution effect, but surprisingly it was not due to the inaccurate combination of diagnostic and non-diagnostic information. Because we have objectively correct answers for our task, we could see that participants were relatively accurate in judging diagnostic evidence combined with non-diagnostic evidence, but overestimated the strength of diagnostic evidence alone. This meant that the dilution effect - the gap between diagnostic evidence alone and diagnostic evidence combined with non-diagnostic evidence - was not caused by dilution. We hypothesized that participants were filling in "missing" evidence in a biased fashion when presented with diagnostic evidence alone. This hypothesis best explained the experimental results.
In many clinical contexts, the event of interest could occur multiple times for the same patient. Considerable advancement has been made on developing recurrent event models based on or that use biomarker information. However, less attention has been given to evaluating the prognostic accuracy of a biomarker or a composite score obtained from a fitted recurrent event-rate model.
Small pelagic fish support profitable fisheries and are important for food security around the world. Yet, their sustainable management can be hindered by the indiscriminate impacts of simultaneous exploitation of fish from multiple distinct biological populations over extended periods of time. The quantification of such impacts is greatly facilitated by recently developed molecular tools-including diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels for mixed-stock analysis (MSA)-that can accurately detect the population identity of individual fish.
The evolution of adaptive phenotypic divergence requires heritable genetic variation. However, it is underappreciated that trait heritability is molded by developmental processes interacting with the environment. We hypothesized that the genetic architecture of divergent functional traits was dependent on age and foraging environment.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a significant concern among patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. However, there hasn't been extensive research conducted on this particular patient group. The reported incidence rates vary widely, ranging from 20% to 90%, reflecting the complexity of its diagnosis.
Background: Ovotesticular disorder of sex development is a rare form of disorder of sex development that manifests as ovotestis in individuals. The precise diagnosis and the choice of surgical procedures are still in conflict condition due to the rarity of the disease, diverse clinical presentations, and the lack of evidence-based medical studies on postoperative outcomes.
Case Presentation: We present a 46, XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development case, aged 19, with Prader stage IV virilization who underwent feminizing genitoplasty surgery.
