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Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil. Electronic address:
Published: February 2020
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Objectives: A bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA) was produced as new biomaterial, however, the production of a material with consistently high flexural strength remains challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles, TiO nanoparticles, and TiO nanotubes (1%, 2%, and 5% by weight) on the microstructure and flexural strength of a bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA).
Methods: Discs (Ø=12.5mm; thickness=1.3mm) were prepared and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), and observation with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), biaxial flexural strength (BFS) testing, and Vickers hardness (VH) testing. The BFS and VH data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (α=0.05) and Weibull analysis.
Results: The XRD showed that the addition of nanomaterials caused the formation of a secondary phase when 5% of the ZnO nanoparticles was used, or when all percentages of the TiO nanoparticles/nanotubes were used, and the HA crystallographic planes were maintained. Differences were not observed between the higher BFS values obtained with pure HA and those obtained with the 5% addition of TiO nanoparticles. However, the results were different compared with the other groups (α=0.05). The results obtained by Weibull analysis revealed that the 1%, 2%, and 5% addition of TiO nanotubes, and the 1% and 2% addition of TiO nanoparticles decreased the HA characteristic strength (σ), while the Weibull modulus (m) increased when 5% of TiO nanoparticles, 1% and 2% of ZnO nanoparticles, and 2% of TiO nanoparticles were added, but with no statistical difference from the pure HA. The 5% addition of ZnO nanoparticles decreased the σ without changing m. Moreover, the 5% addition of TiO nanoparticles resulted in an m closest to that of pure HA. Regarding the VH results, the blend of HA with 1% and 2% addition of TiO nanoparticles exhibited the higher values, which were similar between the different addition ratios (p=0.102). Moreover, the addition of 5% TiO nanoparticles resulted in higher value compared with pure HA.
Significance: This study demonstrated that the HA blend with 5% of TiO nanoparticles has the greatest potential as a bovine HA dense bioceramic reinforcement.
