Genetic Engineering in Animal Models.

Multiple genetic and environmental factors influence the development of alcoholism. To evaluate the contributions of individual genes to the development of alcoholism in living organisms, rather than in tissue-culture experiments, researchers have begun to use new genetic technologies in laboratory animals. These techniques include generating transgenic mice, in which a foreign gene is inserted permanently into the animal's genetic material; generating knockout mice, in which a gene is permanently inactivated; and using antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) treatment, which allows the temporary inactivation of individual genes. Although not yet widely used in alcohol research, these technologies may allow researchers to study important questions and gain new insights into the causes and consequences of alcoholism.