Mechanisms of electro-assisted persulfate/nano-Fe oxidation process: Roles of redox mediation by dissolved Fe.

Mechanisms involved in an electrochemically assisted oxidation process using persulfate and nanosized zero-valent iron (NZVI) were elucidated. Initially, Fe acted as a source of Fe to activate the persulfate, then Fe/Fe redox mediation between cathode and persulfate played a decisive role in persulfate activation at a current density low enough not to inhibit Fe corrosion. An excessive current density which resulted in a low cathodic potential limited Fe corrosion and therefore limited the supply of dissolved Fe to activate the persulfate. Direct oxidation of phenol at the anode therefore became more important under the excessive current density than oxidation by sulfate radicals. At a low current density, Fe in the NZVI particles was completely transformed into iron (oxyhydr)oxides such as ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, and magnetite. Fe was transformed into Fe little when the current density was high. Increasing the current density increased the energy cost by increasing the amount of electrical energy dissipated in side reactions that decreased sulfate radical formation. The results indicated that a low current density can generally be used to give a high reaction rate and a high energy efficiency and that a high current density can be used when the NZVI particles need to be preserved.