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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">31780611</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>27</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>29</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1757-790X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>28</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMJ case reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMJ Case Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Positive acute viral infection markers, autoimmune disease and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a rare concurrence.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">e230492</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/bcr-2019-230492</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Cryoglobulins are abnormal serum immunoglobulins that tend to precipitate in intravascular compartments at temperatures lower than 37&#xb0;C causing blood flow restriction to vital organs. They are divided into type I, II and III based on the immunoglobulin subtypes of the cryoprecipitates. Type II cryoglobulinemia is most commonly associated with viral infections, autoimmune diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders. Here, we reported an 80-year-old man who presented with fatigue, acute kidney injury, palpable purpura, anaemia and altered mental status. He was diagnosed with type II cryoglobulinemia with concomitant positive autoimmune markers, varicella IgM antibody and IgM hepatitis B core antibody. The patient responded well to intravenous and oral steroid treatment.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>&#xa9; BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Kehua</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Catholic Health System Internal Medicine Training Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA kehuazho@buffalo.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Iqbal</LastName><ForeName>Shumaila Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>SM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Catholic Health System Internal Medicine Training Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alameri</LastName><ForeName>Ali</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Catholic Health System Internal Medicine Training Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhi</LastName><ForeName>Cassandra</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naeem</LastName><ForeName>Ammad</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Catholic Health System Internal Medicine Training Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D002363">Case Reports</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>28</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMJ Case Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101526291</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1757-790X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015415">Biomarkers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001327" MajorTopicYN="N">Autoimmune Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015415" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomarkers</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002644" MajorTopicYN="N">Chickenpox</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003449" MajorTopicYN="N">Cryoglobulinemia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006509" MajorTopicYN="N">Hepatitis B</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">haematology (incl blood transfusion)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">rheumatology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">vasculitis</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Competing interests: None declared.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">31780611</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC6887369</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bcr-2019-230492</ArticleId><ArticleId 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